“商業生態系”這一概念首先是由James F.Moore在他的著作《The death of Competition：Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystem》中提出的。這個概念的靈感來自於自然界的生態系統。
生態環境學認為，生物之間存在一種相互依存、相互制約、互為環境的關係，並 且生物的多樣性和共生性是生物界生存和發展的普遍要求和規律。眾多的生物以自己的生存和發展，為其他生物提供共生的環境和條件，同存于一種共生體之中，共同進化和優化。
James F.Moore指出商務生態系統正是類比了自然生態系統中的以上這些機制。眾多的商家、企業作為有生命的經濟實體，同時還作為經濟細胞，組成和推動著整個國民經濟乃至整個國際經濟的發展，形成一種功能協調、優勢互補、和諧增長的共生共榮的生態環境。
商業生態系是一種由Moore(1993)提出相對新的觀點，Moore描述商業生態系是一種在生產、客戶服務與創新上既競爭有合作的「跨產業」組織群。在他的研究中將生業生態系定義為：一種含括相互鏈結的組織群的「動態的結構」。商業生態系透過自組織、突現以及共演化來幫助組織適應環境。
Business ecosystem is a relatively new concept which has been introduced by Moore [1], who describes business ecosystems as an organization group crossing many industries working cooperatively and competitively in production, customer service and innovation. In this paper the definition used for a business ecosystem is the following: Business ecosystem is “a dynamic structure which consists of an interconnected population of organizations. -- Business ecosystem develops through self-organization, emergence and coevolution, which help it to acquire adaptability.
在商業生態系中同時出現競爭與合作得現象。所以商業生態系可以說是一種互賴、自組織、突現與共演化的機制。
In a business ecosystem there is both competition and cooperation present simultaneously” [2]. Thus business ecosystem is a concept which emphasizes interdependence, self-organization, emergence, and co-evolution of agents. If we consider a population of organizations containing knowledge-intensive service organizations, the aspects that are emphasized in those organization populations are present also in the concept of business ecosystem. The interconnectedness between different actors and the presence of co-opetition due to that interconnectedness are central concepts in both of them.
商業生態系的觀點也提供我們與複雜學的鏈結，商業生態系中包含各種組織，共同建構複雜演化系統。複雜演化系統是由Mitleton-Kelly(2003)提出的複雜學的構念。複雜演化系統包括相互鏈結、演化的個體。
The concept of business ecosystem also provides us with a link to complexity science. A business ecosystem contains various organizations, which together build up a complex evolving system (CES). Complex evolving system is a concept of complexity science, presented by Mitleton-Kelly [3]. Complex evolving systems are systems consisting of interconnected and evolving agents, which are in this case considered to be organizations. The development of agent-based modeling is deeply intertwined with complexity science: the study of complex systems needs agent-based modeling, and the use of agent-based modeling and design is understandable through complexity science.
商業生態系統超越了傳統的行業界限的觀點，它既可以在常規的行業界限內部成長，也可以跨越常規的行業分界線，這種理論方法很適合於電子商務突破行業範圍的特性。
商業生態系統理論不僅提供了理解電子商務環境下的各種策略聯盟的方式，也可以從新的角度系統地思考企業未來的發展趨勢，幫助企業制定正確的戰略，預測潛在的變化，採取恰當的行動，並有效地規避和減少風險，從電子商務中充分獲益。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
參考文獻
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] J. F. Moore, “Predators and Prey: A New Ecology of Competition,” Harward Business Review. 1993, vol. 71 (3), pp. 75-83.[2] M. Peltoniemi and E. Vuori, ”Business Ecosystem as the New Approach to Complex Adaptive Business Environments,” in Proc. 4th Annu. Conference eBRF (eBusiness Research Forum), Tampere, 2004, pp. 267-281.
[3] E. Mitleton-Kelly, Complex Systems and Evolutionary Perspectives on Organisations: the Application of Complexity Theory to Organisations. Amsterdam: Pergamon, 2003.
沒有留言:
張貼留言